He was King of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. 185; W. 1049 (de poids double); V.H. )", "Charles II, 1672: An Act for preventing Dangers which may happen from Popish Recusants", "Charles II, 1678: (Stat. lettre d'essayeur : h. calico 596. La question d’agrégation porte un titre, « Le siècle d’or en sursis. [44] The channel port, although a valuable strategic outpost, was a drain on Charles's limited finances.[e]. Vous n’avez pas de produit dans votre panier. Having lost the support of Parliament, Danby resigned his post of Lord High Treasurer, but received a pardon from the king. Academic historians have concentrated mainly on his activities as a statesman and emphasised his duplicity, self-indulgence, poor judgement and lack of an aptitude for business or for stable and trustworthy government. 344-1b; Delm. Charles II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. G.H. [11] Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey on 1 January 1651. Shortly after his restoration as English monarch in 1660, King Charles II granted the territory of Carolina to a number of supporters who had helped him regain the throne. Charleston, South Carolina, and South Kingstown, Rhode Island, are named after him. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Spanish Netherlands, Charles II, Bruxelles, 1665, TTB+ Qualité présentée sur la photo : TTB+ Photo réelle de l'objet de collection que vous recevrez Lord Danby and the surviving Catholic lords held in the Tower were released and the king's Catholic brother, James, acquired greater influence at court. He was received into the Catholic Church on his deathbed. Power passed to five politicians known collectively by a whimsical acronym as the Cabal—Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury) and Lauderdale. For hundreds of years the French were seen as England's main European rivals. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a prize. Menu. Their first son was born about a year before Charles, but died within a day. An exclusive body of Anglican clergy and a well-armed landed gentry were the principal beneficiaries of Charles II’s restoration. [88], Charles was universally beloved, beloved not only by the crowd of individuals with whom he came in contact, not only adored by his dependents, but thoroughly popular with the mass of his subjects and particularly with the poorer populace of London who knew him best.[89]. Although the Parliament voted the king an estimated annual income of £1,200,000, Charles had to wait many years before his revenues produced such a sum, and by then the damage of debt and discredit was irreparable. [43], The same year, in an unpopular move, Charles sold Dunkirk to his first cousin King Louis XIV of France for about £375,000. Bien que le Parlement d'Écosse ait proclamé Charles II roi d'Angleterre et d'Irlande à Édimbourg quelques jours plus tard, le Parlement d'Angleterre vote une loi interdisant une telle succession et entre dans un interrègne où le pays, devenu Commonwealth d'Angleterre, … The actual terms were to be left to a free parliament, and on this provisional basis Charles was proclaimed king in May 1660. [52] Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay to the company for a nominal sum of £10 paid in gold. With Hyde’s help, Charles issued in April 1660 his Declaration of Breda, expressing his personal desire for a general amnesty, liberty of conscience, an equitable settlement of land disputes, and full payment of arrears to the army. [43] Catherine journeyed from Portugal to Portsmouth on 13–14 May 1662,[43] but was not visited by Charles there until 20 May. [6] However, the royalist fleet that came under Charles's control was not used to any advantage, and did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the royalist Engager army of the Duke of Hamilton before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston by the Parliamentarians. [40] Charles and his brother James joined and directed the fire-fighting effort. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England. L'Espagne de Charles II, une modernité paradoxale 1665-1700. His early years were unremarkable, but before he was 20 his conventional education had been completely overshadowed by the harsh lessons of defeat in the Civil War against the Puritans and subsequent isolation and poverty. At around the same time, Anne Hyde, the daughter of the Lord Chancellor, Edward Hyde, revealed that she was pregnant by Charles's brother, James, whom she had secretly married. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign, Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Danby to the Tower of London, in which he was held for another five years. [54] In 1670, Charles granted control of the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin to the Hudson's Bay Company by royal charter, and named the territory Rupert's Land, after his cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the company's first Governor. As a patron of education, he founded a number of schools, including the Royal Mathematical School in London and The King's Hospital in Dublin, as well as the Erasmus Smith schools in various parts of Ireland. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Even Cromwell’s death did little to improve his prospects. Today it is possible to assess him without the taint of partisanship, and he is seen as more of a lovable rogue—in the words of his contemporary John Evelyn, "a prince of many virtues and many great imperfections, debonair, easy of access, not bloody or cruel". And never did a wise one"[35], To which Charles is reputed to have replied "that the matter was easily accounted for: For that his discourse was his own, his actions were the ministry's". Découvrez et achetez L'Espagne de Charles II et la France : 1665 - 1700. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Brabant. Charles was baptised in the Chapel Royal, on 27 June, by the Anglican Bishop of London, William Laud. The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance;[32] the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited expelled non-conforming clergymen from coming within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banished. BRABANT, Duché, Charles II (1665-1700), AV 8 souverains (ducaton en or), 1698, Anvers. The outbreak began in the late winter or early spring of 1665. Charles reluctantly promised that he would abide by the terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda, and support the Solemn League and Covenant, which authorised Presbyterian church governance across Britain. Saive Numismatique, membre du Snennp, vente en ligne de monnaies anciennes de collection, or de bourse, livres de numismatique et fournitures pour numismates. Charles II d’Espagne, l’enfant roi malade. CAROLVS II D G HISP NEAP REX Crowned coat of arms in Golden Fleece collar. By the time King Charles II fled the city in July, the plague was killing about a thousand people a week. [42] On 23 June 1661, a marriage treaty was signed; England acquired Catherine's dowry of Tangier (in North Africa) and the Seven islands of Bombay (the latter having a major influence on the development of the British Empire in India), together with trading privileges in Brazil and the East Indies, religious and commercial freedom in Portugal and two million Portuguese crowns (about £300,000); while Portugal obtained military and naval support against Spain and liberty of worship for Catherine. The Long Parliament dissolved itself and there was a general election for the first time in almost 20 years. Charles II (1665-1700). In fact, the Cabal rarely acted in concert, and the court was often divided between two factions led by Arlington and Buckingham, with Arlington the more successful. To destroy opposition in London, Charles first disenfranchised many Whigs in the 1682 municipal elections, and in 1683 the London charter was forfeited. Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. He persuaded his brother James to relinquish his command in the French army and gave him some regiments of Anglo-Irish troops in Spanish service, but poverty doomed this nucleus of a royalist army to impotence. [10], On 3 September 1650, the Covenanters were defeated at the Battle of Dunbar by a much smaller force led by Oliver Cromwell. A more pervasive and damaging limitation was on his financial independence. James Scott, Earl of Dalkeith (1674-1705) 4. He followed his grandfather Charles I, Duke of Mantua, in 1637 as ruler of these lands, the first ten years under regency of his mother Duchess Maria. There would be liberty of conscience and Anglican church policy would not be harsh. [48], In 1668, England allied itself with Sweden, and with its former enemy the Netherlands, to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution. 1665 (October) Parliament met in Oxford rather than London. Tranche cordée. This was a plot to assassinate King Charles II and his brother James while they were at the races at Newmarket. [90] Charles II is depicted extensively in art, literature and media. Charles was born into political strife in Europe as the Habsburgs tried to control the entire continent. James was eventually dethroned in 1688, in the course of the Glorious Revolution. Fanned by a strong easterly wind and fed by stockpiles of wood and fuel that had been prepared for the coming colder months, the fire eventually consumed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St Paul's Cathedral. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic - Charles II.Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo-Dutch War.[56]. 1662: Diana's son, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, second in line to the British throne, is likely to be the first British monarch descended from Charles II. ... Charles II returns to England from Holland and is restored to the throne. Silver 5.67 g Obv. One thousand pounds was a vast sum at the time, greater than an average workman's lifetime earnings. The crowning of King Charles II, frontispiece from. He delighted and bored listeners with tales of his escape for many years. [25], He set out for England from Scheveningen, arrived in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reached London on 29 May, his 30th birthday. In 1672, Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all penal laws against Catholics and other religious dissenters. Charles raised a ragtag army from his exiled subjects; this small, underpaid, poorly-equipped and ill-disciplined force formed the nucleus of the post-Restoration army. Philippe IV (ou Felipe IV en espagnol), né à Valladolid le 8 avril 1605 et décédé à Madrid le 17 septembre 1665, dit le Grand ou le « roi-Planète », est roi des Espagnes et des Indes après la mort de son père Philippe III d'Espagne, du 31 mars 1621 à sa mort [Note 1].Il porta également les titres de roi des Deux-Siciles, roi de Portugal [Note 2] et souverain des Pays-Bas [Note 3]. 1665-1700, L'Espagne de Charles II, une modernité paradoxale, Jean-Claude Zancarini, Classiques Garnier. Charles’s reign opened with a 10-year regency under the queen mother, during which the government was preoccupied with combatting the ambitions of the French king Louis XIV in … Lord Shaftesbury was prosecuted (albeit unsuccessfully) for treason in 1681 and later fled to Holland, where he died. 4 more Subject » [50] It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to convert. Ils n’y revinrent qu’en février 1666. Whig Thought and the Revolution of 1688–91. Charles's eldest son, the Duke of Monmouth, led a rebellion against James II, but was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685, captured and executed. Of Charles II, Wilmot supposedly said: We have a pretty, witty king, [46] The Second Dutch War (1665–1667) was started by English attempts to muscle in on Dutch possessions in Africa and North America. The English Parliament recognised Charles as king by unanimous vote on 2 May 1660, and he was proclaimed king in London on 8 May, although royalists had recognised him as such since the execution of his father on 30 January 1649. Charles did not believe the allegations, but ordered his chief minister Lord Danby to investigate. [26] In the end nine of the regicides were executed:[27] they were hanged, drawn and quartered; others were given life imprisonment or simply excluded from office for life. Le petit Charles, alors qu’il accède au trône à l’âge de quatre ans, il est tout maigre, très faible avec disons-le des capacités intellectuelles et physiques très limitées. [47] Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). Deuxième type, à la grande couronne. Celui qui allait être le dernier représentant de l'illustre dynastie des Habsbourg espagnols hérite alors d'un État en grave situation de crise démographique, politique et militaire, comme ne manquèrent pas de le souligner les différents témoignages de l'époque. Le pape et le roi Journées qui ont fait la France; JOURNAL DE BOLIVIE (7 nov. 1966-7 oct. 1967) La Découverte/Poche L'Espagne, la France et l'Amérique latine : politi Collectif; La France, l'Espagne et l'indépendance du Maroc 1951-1958 - Michel Catala - Date de parution : 19/02/2015 - Les Indes savantes [66] During the 1680s, however, popular support for the Exclusion Bill ebbed, and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty. Spain - Spain - Charles II: For 10 years Philip IV’s widow, Maria Anna of Austria, acted as regent for Charles II (1665–1700). France and the Dutch United Provinces were closed to him by Cromwell’s diplomacy, and he turned to Spain, with whom he concluded a treaty in April 1656. Posté le : 20-11-2013, 17h07 . The King, Charles II and his Court left London and fled to Oxford. Aussi, dès juillet 1665, le roi Charles II choisit de fuir Londres avec sa sœur. Portugal had been helped by France, but in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 Portugal was abandoned by its French ally. Le siècle d'Or en sursis : le règne de Charles II d'Espagne, CARLOS II (1665-1700) - La defensa de la monarquía hispánica en el ocaso de una dinastía, Alain Begue, Belin Éducation. February 6, 1665 - Defeated by the Mohawks, the remaining members of the Pocumtucs and … Charles was succeeded by his brother, who became James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland. For the most part, the actual revenue was much lower, which led to attempts to economise at court by reducing the size and expenses of the royal household[29] and raise money through unpopular innovations such as the hearth tax. To lay foundations for a new beginning, envoys of the States General appeared in November 1660 with the Dutch Gift. He tried to fight his father’s battles in the west of England in 1645; he resisted the attempts of his mother and his sister Henrietta Anne to convert him to Catholicism and remained openly loyal to his Protestant faith. Charles, a patron of the arts and sciences, founded the Royal Observatory and supported the Royal Society, a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton. Samuel Pepys on Clothes. Professor of History, King's College, University of London. Evénement Zoom However, the new Lord Protector had little experience of either military or civil administration. G.H. [25], In the latter half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his youngest brother, Henry, and sister, Mary, of smallpox. The escapades of Charles after his defeat at the Battle of Worcester remained important to him throughout his life. Charles II of Spain was born November 6, 1661 and became king in 1665 at the tender young age of four. On the last evening of his life he was received into the Catholic Church in the presence of Father John Huddleston, though the extent to which he was fully conscious or committed, and with whom the idea originated, is unclear. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland, treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, depicted extensively in art, literature and media, Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater, Elizabeth Berkeley, née Bagot, Dowager Countess of Falmouth, Francis I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, "Proclamation: of King Charles II, 5 January 1649 (NAS. Posté le : 20-11-2013, 17h07 . In 1665, he faced one of the biggest challenges of his monarchy - the Great Plague of London, in which the death toll rose to 7000 per week. [65], Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed, and bolstered by some acquittals in the continuing Plot trials, which seemed to him to indicate a more favourable public mood towards Catholicism, Charles dissolved the English Parliament, for a second time that year, in mid-1679. Charles withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act, which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England,[57] but also later forced them to denounce transubstantiation and the Catholic Mass as "superstitious and idolatrous". [103], 17th-century monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, Coat of arms of Charles II as king (outside Scotland), Coat of arms of Charles II used as king in Scotland, The traditional date of the Restoration marking the first assembly of King and Parliament together since the abolition of the English monarchy in 1649. Dubbed the Cavalier Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and Anglican. With many of the Scots (including Lord Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, after which Charles eluded capture by hiding in the Royal Oak at Boscobel House. Officially, the city recorded 68,596 deaths from the Great Plague, and the true death toll … Charles's coat of arms as Prince of Wales was the royal arms (which he later inherited), differenced by a label of three points Argent. But George Monck, one of Cromwell’s leading generals, realized that under Cromwell’s successors the country was in danger of being torn apart and with his formidable army created the situation favourable to Charles’s restoration in 1660. [30], The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660, and, shortly after the coronation, the second English Parliament of the reign assembled. charles ii (1665-1700). Whose word no man relies on, The present Dukes of Buccleuch, Richmond, Grafton and St Albans descend from Charles in unbroken male line. Printed by John Bill and Christopher Barker, printers to the Kings most Excellent Majesty 1; Printed by Leonard Lichfield, printer to the University, for John Bill and Christopher Barker, printers to the Kings most excellent majesty 1 Charles’s reign opened with a 10-year regency under the queen mother, during which the government was preoccupied with combatting the ambitions of the French king Louis XIV in … The young king became a fugitive, hunted through England for 40 days but protected by a handful of his loyal subjects until he escaped to France in October 1651. When negotiations with the Scots stalled, Charles authorised General Montrose to land in the Orkney Islands with a small army to threaten the Scots with invasion, in the hope of forcing an agreement more to his liking. Belgique. [18] At the Battle of the Dunes in 1658, as part of the larger Spanish force, Charles's army of around 2,000 clashed with Commonwealth troops fighting with the French. Charles II entering London after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, undated hand-coloured print. Despite his son's diplomatic efforts to save him, King Charles I was beheaded in January 1649, and England became a republic. [3] At birth, Charles automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay, along with several other associated titles. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681, and ruled alone until his death in 1685. Charles accompanied his father during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of fourteen, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country. In retrospect, the use of the judicial system by Charles (and later his brother and heir James) as a tool against opposition, helped establish the idea of separation of powers between the judiciary and the Crown in Whig thought. Charles II, king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Rev. Royalist supporters in the Spanish force were led by Charles's younger brother James, Duke of York. His political adaptability and his knowledge of men enabled him to steer his country through the convolutions of the struggle between Anglicans, Catholics, and Dissenters that marked much of his reign. Charles II, the eldest surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James’s Palace, London. Non-academic authors have concentrated mainly on his social and cultural world, emphasising his charm, affability, worldliness, tolerance, turning him into one of the most popular of all English monarchs in novels, plays and films.[87]. There would be pardons for nearly all his opponents except the regicides. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin King Louis XIV of France. Hutton says Charles was a popular king in his own day and a "legendary figure" in British history. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled without Parliament. [68] Protestant politicians such as the Earl of Essex, Algernon Sydney, Lord Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot. Charles died after a stroke in 1685 with the problem still unresolved. Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards the Netherlands. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. [16], Charles made the Treaty of Brussels with Spain in 1656. Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (31 October 1629 – 14 August 1665) was the son of Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers (d. 1631) of Rethel, Nevers, Mantua, and Montferrat; and Maria Gonzaga. The lesson considers the measures taken by King Charles II in response to the plague and the reactions of some of the people to these restrictions, as well as providing contemporary comment on the situation. By 1674 England had gained nothing from the Anglo-Dutch War, and the Cavalier Parliament refused to provide further funds, forcing Charles to make peace. In exchange, Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to announce his conversion to Catholicism "as soon as the welfare of his kingdom will permit". [17] The Commonwealth made the Treaty of Paris with France in 1657 to join them in war against Spain in the Netherlands. 2.) It sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church of England and passed several acts to secure Anglican dominance. Many members feared that he had intended to use the standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-II-king-of-Great-Britain-and-Ireland, Undiscovered Scotland - Biography of Charles II, Westminster Abbey - Biography of Charles II, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Charles II, The History Learning Site - Biography of Charles II, English Monarchs - Biography of Charles II, Charles II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Charles II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Charles Beauclerk, 1st duke of Saint Albans. The English royal navy was inadequate and with the Dutch’s surprise attack on the English fleet docked on the River Thames, the venture was a failure. [84] Diana, Princess of Wales, was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond.