[719] In private he used coarse language, although avoided doing so in public. [488], Going against the advice of Zhukov and other generals, Stalin emphasised attack over defence. [64] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [621] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. [141] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[142] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[143] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [735] To appear taller, he wore stacked shoes, and stood on a small platform during parades. [597] [114] In June 1911, Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda, where he stayed for two months,[115] having a relationship with Pelageya Onufrieva. [56] He found employment at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. [555] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself—located within the Soviet area—also subdivided thusly. [762] Stalin had a complex mind,[763] great self-control,[764] and an excellent memory. [305] His growing influence was reflected in the naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino,[306] and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze. Under Stalin, "socialism in one country" became a central tenet of the party's dogma. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. [556] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [671], Stalin claimed to have embraced Marxism at the age of fifteen,[675] and it served as the guiding philosophy throughout his adult life;[676] according to Kotkin, Stalin held "zealous Marxist convictions",[677] while Montefiore suggested that Marxism held a "quasi-religious" value for Stalin. [931], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitude has been very divided. [472], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. [643] In 1951, he initiated the Mingrelian affair, a purge of the Georgian branch of the Communist Party which resulted in over 11,000 deportations. [414] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offenses, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [55] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. [526], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. In 1939, it signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. [582], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[583] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. [557] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [245] The Georgian Communist Party opposed the idea, resulting in the Georgian affair. [411] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [261], They also disagreed on the nature of the Soviet state. Stalin and fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky both endorsed Lenin's plan of action, but it was initially opposed by Kamenev and other party members. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[913] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. Il devient alors le SEUL chef de l’URSS. [308] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. [531] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. L'ANGE MAUDIT DE STALINE,A LA RTBF: LAVRENTI BERIA,LE MINISTRE DE LA PEUR Mis en ligne le 21/08/1995 à 00:00. [708] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 1925–26. [316], In early 1928 Stalin travelled to Novosibirsk, where he alleged that kulaks were hoarding their grain and ordered that the kulaks be arrested and their grain confiscated, with Stalin bringing much of the area's grain back to Moscow with him in February. We must close that gap in ten years. [297] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[298] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. [666] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, with Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerging as the party's key figures. [315] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, putting him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. [777] He lacked compassion,[783] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[784] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. [785] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[786] and was resentful,[787] vindictive,[788] and vengeful, holding onto grievances against others for many years. [657] It is possible that Stalin was murdered. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Reactions of Chinese Citizens to the Death of Stalin: Internal Communist Party Reports", "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography", "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933", "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. [357], Stalin desired a "cultural revolution",[358] entailing both the creation of a culture for the "masses" and the wider dissemination of previously elite culture. [402] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [710] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[692] and served to discredit Trotsky—who promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"—by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. [659] The body was embalmed,[660] and then placed on display in Moscow's House of Unions for three days. Articles and topics related to Joseph Stalin, Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party: 1899–1904, Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905–1912, Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation: 1927–1931, Post-war reconstruction and famine: 1945–1947, In the Soviet Union and its successor states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both, Renamed from Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union in 1946, Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's, Although there is inconsistency among published sources about Stalin's exact date of birth, Ioseb Jughashvili is found in the records of the Uspensky Church in Gori, Georgia as born on 18 December (, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank, Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, and Polish–Soviet War, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, granting Finland's request for independence in December, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, major famine which peaked in the winter of 1932–33, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), as well as sitting members of the Central Committee, attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist), Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Soviet victory over Nazi Germany in World War II, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s, "- The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 1929–1953 - ANU". [346] To promote the intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. [27], In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. [588] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[558] resulting in the Cold War. [576], Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. Anatoly Livry : Staline ministre de l'enseignement supérieur français (1 sur 2) enquete-debat. [743] He had few material demands and lived plainly, with simple and inexpensive clothing and furniture;[744] his interest was in power rather than wealth. Stalin led his country through the post-war reconstruction, during which it developed a nuclear weapon in 1949. [313] Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach;[314] they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and the small business owners or "Nepmen". Le régime cherche à imposer son idéologie à l'ensemble de la société aussi bien dans la vie publique que privée. [270] It was incorporated into a growing personality cult devoted to Lenin, with Petrograd being renamed "Leningrad" that year. [658] Beria has been suspected of murder, although no firm evidence has ever appeared. [801] He was a voracious reader, with a library of over 20,000 books. [570] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. L'ange maudit de Staline, à la RTBF . [156] They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February 1917,[157] where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for military service because of his crippled arm. [120] Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support for the Bolsheviks from the empire's minority ethnicities. À quatorze ans, il est envoyé dans un monastère orthodoxe à Tiflis pour y devenir prêtre comme le souhaite sa mère, qui était une femme très pieuse. [429] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. [885], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [818] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harbored negative sentiments toward Jews,[819] and anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fueled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. [263] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". [77] He publicly lambasted the "pogroms against Jews and Armenians" as being part of Tsar Nicholas II's attempts to "buttress his despicable throne". [392] Stalin would not acknowledge that his policies had contributed to the famine,[381] the existence of which was kept secret from foreign observers. It nevertheless clashed with established Bolshevik views that socialism could not be established in one country but could only be achieved globally through the process of world revolution. [670] Economic reform scaled back the mass construction projects, placed a new emphasis on house building, and eased the levels of taxation on the peasantry to stimulate production. [308] In 1927, there was some argument in the party over Soviet policy regarding China. [741] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. [796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [476] Although de facto head of government for a decade and a half, Stalin concluded that relations with Germany had deteriorated to such an extent that he needed to deal with the problem as de jure head of government as well: on 6 May, Stalin replaced Molotov as Premier of the Soviet Union. [262] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. [487] The German advance on Moscow was halted after two months of battle in increasingly harsh weather conditions. [686] Leading this vanguard, he believed that the Soviet peoples needed a strong, central figure—akin to a Tsar—whom they could rally around. [887] Stalin ensured that these works gave very little attention to his early life, particularly because he did not wish to emphasise his Georgian origins in a state numerically dominated by Russians. [527] There, Stalin and Roosevelt got on well, with both desiring the post-war dismantling of the British Empire. [518] Soviet military industrial output also had increased substantially from late 1941 to early 1943 after Stalin had moved factories well to the east of the front, safe from German invasion and aerial assault. [265], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. [592] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [370] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[371] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. ... Celui qui se considérait comme le successeur naturel de Staline a eu le temps de commettre d'innommables atrocités et ne s'est pas mouché du pied. [745], As Soviet leader, Stalin typically awoke around 11 am,[746] with lunch being served between 3 and 5 pm and dinner no earlier than 9 pm;[747] he then worked late into the evening. Rédacteur du journal La Pravda – la « Vérité » – , il devient commissaire du Peuple aux Nationalités en 1917, puis secrétaire général du PCUS en 1922. [486] By July, Germany's Luftwaffe was bombing Moscow,[485] and by October the Wehrmacht was amassing for a full assault on the capital. [812] When at social events, he encouraged singing,[813] as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. [832] While head of the Soviet Union he remained in contact with many of his old friends in Georgia, sending them letters and gifts of money. [682] According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". [797] He enjoyed music,[798] owning around 2,700 records,[799] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [227] Along the Southwest Front, he became determined to conquer Lviv; in focusing on this goal he disobeyed orders in early August to transfer his troops to assist Mikhail Tukhachevsky's forces that were attacking Warsaw. [908] These have articulated the view that—while Stalin's policies contributed significantly to the high mortality rate—there is no evidence that Stalin or the Soviet government consciously engineered the famine. [190], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. During a brief period back in Tiflis, Stalin and the Outfit planned the ambush of a mail coach, during which most of the group—although not Stalin—were apprehended by the authorities. La genèse du communisme. [171] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. [523] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. [253], — Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[254] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [45], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at a Tiflis observatory. [771] Several historians have seen it appropriate to follow Lazar Kaganovich's description of there being "several Stalins" as a means of understanding his multi-faceted personality. [881], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"—promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakov—that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. "[727], Stalin had a soft voice,[728] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. [578] He demoted Molotov,[579] and increasingly favoured Beria and Malenkov for key positions. [765] He was a hard worker,[766] and displayed a keen desire to learn;[767] when in power, he scrutinised many details of Soviet life, from film scripts to architectural plans and military hardware. [408], When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. I saw the other side as well – his high intelligence, that fantastic grasp of detail, his shrewdness and his surprising human sensitivity that he was capable of showing, at least in the war years. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [612] It was aimed for economic autarky within the Eastern Bloc. [642] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [760], Trotsky and several other Soviet figures promoted the idea that Stalin was a mediocrity. Le ministre chargé de la politique extérieure prend le titre de commissaire du peuple aux Affaires étrangères. [16] Ekaterine and Stalin left the home by 1883 and began a wandering life, moving through nine different rented rooms over the next decade. [511] In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. [78] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. [473] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. [455], As Britain and France seemed unwilling to commit to an alliance with the Soviet Union, Stalin saw a better deal with the Germans. [800] His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "formalism". Enorme aveu d’un ministre belge : pas de contamination dans les commerces, on les a fermés pour faire peur Coup de gueule du jour covid 19 Publié le 2 décembre 2020 - par Christine Tasin - 21 commentaires [127] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [865] In under three decades, Stalin transformed the Soviet Union into a major industrial world power,[866] one which could "claim impressive achievements" in terms of urbanisation, military strength, education, and Soviet pride. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [207] At the same time, he disregarded orders and repeatedly threatened to resign when affronted. [859] The other, Alexander, was the son of Lidia Pereprygia; he was raised as the son of a peasant fisherman and the Soviet authorities made him swear never to reveal that Stalin was his biological father. [535] The Gulag system of labour camps was expanded further. [128] [333], Armed peasant uprisings against dekulakisation and collectivisation broke out in Ukraine, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and central Asia, reaching their apex in March 1930; these were suppressed by the Red Army. [552], Stalin attended the Potsdam Conference in July–August 1945, alongside his new British and U.S. counterparts, Prime Minister Clement Attlee and President Harry Truman. [342] Millions of peasants moved to the cities, although urban house building could not keep up with the demand. [196] The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. [739], During his youth, Stalin cultivated a scruffy appearance in rejection of middle-class aesthetic values. [193] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[194] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. [886] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. [413], Stalin often gave conflicting signals regarding state repression. [717] The socio-economic nature of Stalin's Soviet Union has also been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of state socialism, state capitalism, bureaucratic collectivism, or a totally unique mode of production. [93] In March 1907 she bore a son, Yakov. [323], In 1929, the Politburo announced the mass collectivisation of agriculture,[325] establishing both kolkhozy collective farms and sovkhoz state farms. [896] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[897] the current historical consensus is that of the 18 million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7 million died as a result of their incarceration. [626] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [347] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person".