Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried and failed to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers.[140]. [380] To Gandhi, states Parekh, both communism and capitalism were wrong, in part because both focused exclusively on a materialistic view of man, and because the former deified the state with unlimited power of violence, while the latter deified capital. Thousands of Indians joined him in Dandi. Mehta's residence in Bombay. Heart Prayer Better. [71], Years later, Gandhi and his colleagues served and helped Africans as nurses and by opposing racism, according to the Nobel Peace Prize winner Nelson Mandela. As he had to suddenly switch from his native language—Gujarati—to English, he found it rather difficult to follow the lectures. At this point Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi wanted to disprove the imperial British stereotype that Hindus were not fit for "manly" activities involving danger and exertion, unlike the Muslim "martial races". mahatma gandhi, M.K.Gandhi, mahatma, Philosophy, non-violence, photographs of Mahatma Gandhi, Ghandi, Mahatma, Mohandas, peace, conflict resolution. [23] During his tenure, Karamchand married four times. Gandhi's father Karamchand was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a Pranami Vaishnava Hindu family. [69] However, the prejudice against him and his fellow Indians from British people that Gandhi experienced and observed deeply bothered him. [248] According to Indira Carr, Gandhi's ideas on ahimsa and satyagraha were founded on the philosophical foundations of Advaita Vedanta. He later slept with women in the same bed but clothed, and finally he slept naked with women. [122] In 1921, Gandhi was the leader of the Indian National Congress. [185], Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed his countrymen over the All-India Radio saying:[186], Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Gandhi's shyness was an obstacle to his defence of Allinson at the committee meeting. [143] The British side sought reforms that would keep Indian subcontinent as a colony. [47] Gandhi, then 16 years old, and his wife of age 17 had their first baby, who survived only a few days. This went on for hours until some 300 or more protesters had been beaten, many seriously injured and two killed. At UCL, he studied law and jurisprudence and was invited to enroll at Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister. [119], In February 1919, Gandhi cautioned the Viceroy of India with a cable communication that if the British were to pass the Rowlatt Act, he would appeal to Indians to start civil disobedience. [338] Nirmalkumar Bose, Gandhi's Bengali interpreter, for example criticised Gandhi, not because Gandhi did anything wrong, but because Bose was concerned about the psychological effect on the women who participated in his experiments. Gandhi criticised Western civilisation as one driven by "brute force and immorality", contrasting it with his categorisation of Indian civilisation as one driven by "soul force and morality". [129] On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 de outubro de 1869 – 30 de janeiro de 1948) foi um advogado, [2] nacionalista, anticolonialista [3] e especialista em ética política indiano, [4] que empregou resistência não violenta para liderar a campanha bem-sucedida para a independência da Índia do Reino Unido, [5] e por sua vez, inspirar movimentos pelos direitos civis e liberdade em todo o mundo. "[378], Gandhi called for ending poverty through improved agriculture and small-scale cottage rural industries. The partition had gripped the Indian subcontinent with religious violence and the streets were filled with corpses. [50] Mavji Dave Joshiji, a Brahmin priest and family friend, advised Gandhi and his family that he should consider law studies in London. This effort of Gandhi was in part motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help with swaraj (self-government) to Indians after the end of World War I. Therefore, non-co-operation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the co-operation of the opponent consistently with truth and justice. [274], Gandhi's views came under heavy criticism in Britain when it was under attack from Nazi Germany, and later when the Holocaust was revealed. The 1995 Marathi play Gandhi Virudh Gandhi explored the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. [163], Gandhi was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. Another urn is at the palace of the Aga Khan in Pune (where Gandhi was held as a political prisoner from 1942 to 1944) and another in the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in Los Angeles. [206][207], Gandhi grew up in a Hindu and Jain religious atmosphere in his native Gujarat, which were his primary influences, but he was also influenced by his personal reflections and literature of Hindu Bhakti saints, Advaita Vedanta, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, and thinkers such as Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. [428], A five-hour nine-minute long biographical documentary film,[429] Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948, made by Vithalbhai Jhaveri[430] in 1968, quoting Gandhi's words and using black and white archival footage and photographs, captures the history of those times. But, besides the Vaishnava prejudice against vivisection, it was clear that, if he was to keep up the family tradition of holding high office in one of the states in Gujarat, he would have to qualify as a barrister. In 1887 Mohandas scraped through the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai) and joined Samaldas College in Bhavnagar (Bhaunagar). [420], Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee,[421] though he made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947. "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" Via Pietro Nenni, 25 . [346] This campaign was not universally embraced by the Dalit community: Ambedkar and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. [447] Gandhi's date of death, 30 January, is commemorated as a Martyrs' Day in India. Like with other coloured people, white officials denied him his rights, and the press and those in the streets bullied and called him a "parasite", "semi-barbarous", "canker", "squalid coolie", "yellow man", and other epithets. [371][373] He stated that the mandate theory of majoritarian democracy should not be pushed to absurd extremes, individual freedoms should never be denied, and no person should ever be made a social or economic slave to the "resolutions of majorities". Churchill stated that the civil disobedience movement spectacle of Gandhi only increased "the danger to which white people there [British India] are exposed". He committed himself early to truthfulness, temperance, chastity, and vegetarianism. [177] The British government did not order its army to move in to contain the violence. He wrote his views down on paper but shyness prevented him from reading out his arguments, so Hills, the President, asked another committee member to read them out for him. Gandhi refused to endorse the view that economic forces are best understood as "antagonistic class interests". On 5 May he was interned under a regulation dating from 1827 in anticipation of a protest that he had planned. [239][240] Winston Churchill also compared Gandhi to a Sufi fakir. One of the terminal reports rated him as “good at English, fair in Arithmetic and weak in Geography; conduct very good, bad handwriting.” He was married at the age of 13 and thus lost a year at school. By 1924, Atatürk had ended the Caliphate, the Khilafat Movement was over, and Muslim support for Gandhi had largely evaporated. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. They offered a total salary of £105 (~$17,200 in 2019 money) plus travel expenses. The government quelled any opposition to its economic and social policies, despite these being contrary to Gandhi's ideas, by reconstructing Gandhi's image and ideals. Includes a large collection of links on Gandhi, Non-Violence Peace and … Gandhi cited race history and European Orientalists' opinions that "Anglo-Saxons and Indians are sprung from the same Aryan stock or rather the Indo-European peoples", and argued that Indians should not be grouped with the Africans. [135] Regardless of Gandhi's apprehensions and views, Indian women joined the Salt March by the thousands to defy the British salt taxes and monopoly on salt mining. [33][34] Gandhi's father was of Modh Baniya caste in the varna of Vaishya. Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to dissuade his nephew. Madeleine Slade (known as "Mirabehn") was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi. Il fut assassiné. Sankhdher, M. M. (1972), "Gandhism: A Political Interpretation", President of the Indian National Congress, opposed the partition of the Indian subcontinent, emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine, List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi, List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi, List of things named after Mahatma Gandhi, Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival, Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Gandhi not formally conferred 'Father of the Nation' title: Govt", "Constitution doesn't permit 'Father of the Nation' title: Government", "International Vegetarian Union – Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948)", "South African Medals that Mahatma Returned Put on View at Gandhi Mandap Exhibition", "A Letter to A Hindu: The Subjection of India-Its Cause and Cure", "Ram Guha is wrong. [205], Gandhi's statements, letters and life have attracted much political and scholarly analysis of his principles, practices and beliefs, including what influenced him. His family then rejoined him in Rajkot. Mahatma Gandhi. Il est mort le 30 janvier 1948 à Delhi (Inde). Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since. [449][450] The Gandhi Memorial in Kanyakumari resembles central Indian Hindu temples and the Tamukkam or Summer Palace in Madurai now houses the Mahatma Gandhi Museum. Gandhi believed yoga offered health benefits. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi nacque a Porbandar, una città costiera situata nella penisola del Kathiawar, capoluogo dell'omonimo principato, nell'allora Raj britannico (attualmente parte dello stato indiano del Gujarat), il 2 ottobre del 1869 da una benestante famiglia modh facente parte della casta dei Bania, composta da mercanti, commercianti, banchieri, ecc. [158] Gandhi's campaign did not enjoy the support of Indian masses and many Indian leaders such as Sardar Patel and Rajendra Prasad. [126], After his early release from prison for political crimes in 1924, over the second half of the 1920s, Gandhi continued to pursue swaraj. Investigation committees were formed by the British, which Gandhi asked Indians to boycott. According to Arthur Herman, Ambedkar's hatred for Gandhi and Gandhi's ideas was so strong that, when he heard of Gandhi's assassination, he remarked after a momentary silence a sense of regret and then added, "My real enemy is gone; thank goodness the eclipse is over now". Gandhi would sleep with both Manu and Abha at the same time. Gandhi joined them in their prayers and debated Christian theology with them, but refused conversion stating he did not accept the theology therein or that Christ was the only son of God. If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army. [124], The appeal of "Non-cooperation" grew, its social popularity drew participation from all strata of Indian society.
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